![]() ![]() For example, in years when visas were denied by the cap, most large firms reported finding other (sometimes more costly) ways to hire their preferred job candidates. Most interviewed companies said the H-1B cap and program created costs, but were not factors in their decisions to move R&D overseas: The 34 H-1B employers GAO interviewed reported that the cap has created some additional costs, though the cap's impact depended on the size and maturity of the company. Over the decade, over 14 percent of all initial petitions were submitted by cap-exempt employers, and only a few employers (fewer than 1 percent) garnered over one-quarter of all H-1B approvals. ![]() When we consider all initial petitions, including those from universities and research institutions that are not subject to the cap, we find that demand for new H-1B workers is largely driven by a small number of employers. There is no way to precisely determine the level of any unmet demand among employers, since they tend to stop submitting (and the Department of Homeland Security stops tracking) petitions once the cap is reached each year. In most years, demand for new H-1B workers exceeded the cap: From 2000 to 2009, demand for new H-1B workers tended to exceed the cap, as measured by the numbers of initial petitions submitted by employers who are subject to the cap. GAO analyzed data from 4 federal agencies interviewed agency officials, experts, and H-1B employers and reviewed agency documents and literature. In response, GAO examined what is known about (1) employer demand for H-1B workers (2) how the cap affects employer costs and decisions to move operations overseas (3) H-1B worker characteristics and the potential impact of raising the cap and (4) how well requirements of the H-1B program protect U.S. ![]() Congress asked GAO to assess the impact of the cap on the ability of domestic companies to innovate, while ensuring that U.S. Since then, the cap has fluctuated with legislative changes. The law capped the number of H-1B visas issued per fiscal year at 65,000. employers to hire temporary, foreign workers in specialty occupations. Congress created the H-1B program in 1990 to enable U.S. ![]()
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